American Journal of Human Biology, Online: 12 July 2020.

Paternal origin of Tungusic‐speaking populations: Insights from the updated phylogenetic tree of Y‐chromosome haplogroup C2a‐M86

Abstract? ???

Objectives? ???

? ?? ? Haplogroup C2a‐M48 is the predominant paternal lineage of Tungusic‐speaking populations, one of the largest population groups in Siberia. Up until now, the origins and dispersal of Tungusic‐speaking populations have remained unclear. In this study, the demographic history of Tungusic‐speaking populations was explored using the phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup C2a‐M86, the major subbranch of C2a‐M48.
? ???通古斯語人群是西伯利亞地區最大的人群集團之一，其主流父系類型是C2a-M48。迄今為止，通古斯語人群的早期起源和擴散歷史仍不清晰。本文中，通過對C2a-M48的主要支系C2a-M86進行譜系結構分析，我們討論了通古斯語人群的群體演化歷史。

Materials and methods? ?

? ? In total, 18 newly generated Y chromosome sequences from C2a‐M48 males and 20 previously available Y‐chromosome sequences from this haplogroup were analyzed. A highly revised phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C2a‐M86 with age estimates was reconstructed. Frequencies of this lineage in the literature were collected and a comprehensive analysis of this lineage in 13 022 individuals from 245 populations in Eurasia was performed.
? ???總共分析了18個新測試的序列和20個此前文獻公布的序列。我們構建了帶有年代標尺的精細的譜系樹。我們從此前發表的文獻中總結了父系C2a-M48在歐亞大陸245個人群、13 022個個體中的頻率數據。
Results? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?

? ?? ?The distribution map of C2a‐M48 indicated the most probable area of origin and diffusion route of this paternal lineage in North Eurasia. Most C2a‐M86 samples from Tungusic‐speaking populations belonged to the sublineage C2a‐F5484, which emerged about 3300 years ago. We identified six unique sublineages corresponding to the Manchu, Evenks, Evens, Oroqen, and Daurpopulations; these sublineages diverged gradually over the past 1900 years. Notably, we observed a clear north‐south dichotomous structure for sublineages derived from C2a‐F5484, consistent with the internal north‐south divergence of Tungusic languages and ethnic groups.
? ???父系單倍群C2a-M48的分布圖顯示這個父系在歐亞大陸北部的可能起源地區和可能擴散路徑。來自通古斯語人群的絕大部分樣本都屬距今3.3千年前誕生的下游支系C2a-F5484。我們在滿族、鄂溫克族、埃文人、鄂倫春人和達斡爾族樣本中識別出了幾乎分別為這些族群所特有的六個下游支系。這些支系在過去的1900年中逐漸分化。值得注意，我們在支系C2a-F5484之下觀察到了清晰的南北二分結構，與通古斯語族諸語言和通古族語人群的南北分化一致。

Conclusions

? ?? ? We identified the important founding paternal haplogroup, C2a‐F5484, for Tungusic‐speaking populations as well as numerous unique subgroups of this haplogroup. We propose that the timeframe for the divergence of C2a‐F5484 corresponds with the early differentiation of ancestral Tungusic‐speaking populations.
? ? 我們為通古斯語人群識別出了重要的奠基者父系類型C2a-F5484，同時了識別出了多個族群特異的多個下游支系。我們主張，奠基者父系C2a-F5484的演化時間框架與通古斯語人群始祖群體及其語言的早期演化密切相關。


發表及附件：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajhb.23462